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| 1851 |
| | | Samson Raphael Hirsch becomes rabbi of a synagogue in Frankfurt, where he develops the theme of neo-Orthodoxy | |
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| 1851 |
| | | German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz invents the ophthalmoscope, making it possible for a doctor to examine the inside of a patient's eye | |
|  | Principle of Helmholtz's ophthalmoscope
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1851 |
| | | Richard Wagner writes an anti-semitic tract, Jewishness in Music | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Robert Schumann throws himself into the Rhine, in an attempt to commit suicide, and spends the last two years of his life in an asylum | |
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| 1854 |
| | | William Baikie, on an expedition up the Niger, protects his men from malaria by administering quinine | |
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| 1856 |
| | | The first Neanderthal man to be discovered is unearthed by quarry workers in the Neander valley, near Düsseldorf | |
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| c. 1860 |
| | | German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and technician Peter Desdega perfect the non-luminous gas burner for use in the laboratory | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Lagos, on the coast of Nigeria, is annexed as a British colony when the royal family prove unable or unwilling to end the slave trade | |
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| 1862 |
| | | Otto von Bismarck declares Blut und Eisen (blood and iron) to be the only policy by which Prussia can become strong | |
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| 1864 |
| | | Prussia and Austria combine forces to seize Schleswig-Holstein, but soon fall out | |
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